Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era.

A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.Īs she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570 and released her subjects from obedience to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Francis Walsingham. In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. One of her mottoes was 'video et taceo' ('I see and keep silent'). In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. She had earlier been reluctantly responsible for the imprisonment and execution of James's mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland this laid the foundation for the Kingdom of Great Britain. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created 1st Baron Burghley. Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

Edward's will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. After Henry, Elizabeth's half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a cousin Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statute law to the contrary. Anne's marriage to Henry was annulled, and Elizabeth was for a time declared illegitimate. Įlizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed when Elizabeth was two years old. Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor and is sometimes referred to as the ' Virgin Queen'. Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.

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